Informative Bulimia Essays - Eating Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Informative Bulimia Specific purpose: I want my audience to understand what bulimia is. Organizational pattern: Cause-effect Introduction I. Attention statement: Nearly half of Americans personally know someone with an eating disorder such as bulimia, according to a recent survey of 1,264 adults, in the New York Times, by Zogby, published Friday July seventh. In addition the poll states that college graduates are more likely to know someone with an eating disorder (Zogby). II. Orientation phase point: I am going to tell you what is bulimia, signs/side affects and treatments. Adaptation: Bulimia is an eating disorder in which a person eats an abnormally large amount of food (which is a binge), and then tries to prevent the weight gain by purging. Some examples of purging are: vomiting (most common), waterpills, laxatives, fasting or even excessive exercising. According to the 1990 book, titled Eating Habits and Disorders, written by Rachel Epstein. Credibility : Bulimia is difficult to detect in someone you know. This is because many of the bulimic's remain at normal body weight or even above normal weight. This is due to their frequent binges on food. Binges can range from one or two times a week to many times a day. Enumerated preview: My object today is for you to understand bulimia and to be able for you to receive information that could maybe help you out some day. First I will tell you the causes, then the signs/side affects, and treatments. Transitions: To begin with I would like to tell you that there are many factors that contribute to bulimia but the exact cause is unknown. BODY III. Suffers of bulimia binge and purge for a variety of reasons. A. Bulimia usually starts in the teen or early adult years and is far more common in females than in males. The illness may be constant or it may get better and worse over a period of many years. Usually bingeing alternates with periods of normal eating and /or fasting. In severe cases there may be periods of bingeing and fasting with no periods of normal eating. Web page, Fact Sheet: Bulimia Nervosa, Yahoo.com, 1996 B. The onset of bulimia may be associated with stressful life events, which are not related to the person's concern about body image or weight. For example a domestic argument, illness or death in the family, the stress of examinations, exchange in job, break down of a relationship, divorce, or even pregnancy may precipitate the first eating-binge, from Eating Disorders: The Facts, by Suzanne Abraham and Derek Llwewllyn-Jones, 1992, page 104. C. Many of the bulimic's binge only to be able to purge themselves afterward-it is the purge, in fact, that offers these people the most relief for their emotional distress (Epstein 66). Transition: Now you know what some of the causes of bulimia are, I will discuss some of the behavioral and physiological signs and side affects A. Behavioral signs and side affects: Bingeing. Secretive eating, evidenced by missing food. Preoccupation with and constant talk about food and/or weight. The avoidance of restaurants, planned meals, or social events if food is present. Self-disarrangement when too much has been eaten. Bathroom visits after meals. Purging at least twice a week for a minimum of 3 months. Laxative, enema, diuretics abuse, or fasting. Rigid and harsh exercise regimes. Notice of feeling out of control. B. Physiological signs and affects: Swollen glands, puffiness in the cheeks, or broken blood vessels under the eyes. Complaints of sore throats. Complaints of fatigue and muscle ache. Unexplained tooth decay. Frequent weight fluctuations, often within a ten to fifteen pound range. Dehydration. Electrolyte imbalances. Low sodium and potassium levels. Liver and Kidney damage. Constipation. Salivary-gland inflammation and swelling(a ?chimpmunk face?). Severe bowel abnormalities. Distorted skin on index and middle fingers. Internal bleeding from vomiting. Ulcers of the stomach and/or esophagus from vomiting . Lacerations of the esophagus. Hearth palpitations. Heart attack. Death. Signs and side affects from Bulimia nervosa [emailprotected], Complete Guide to Symptoms, Illness & Surgery, H. Winter Griffith, 1995. Transition: Now you have learned what bulimia is, the causes and the signs/side affects. I will explain some treatments for bulimia. V. Getting help for the bulimic. It is best if bulimia is treated early. If not long term treatment may be necessary. Family and friends need to always give full support, to the bulimic. A. Admission to hospital, just a short stay so that the health professional can assess the patient's psychological or medical problems further and devise a program of treatment which is appropriate. The

The military tactics used by both the USA and Vietcong forces in the 1960s.

The military tactics used by both the USA and Vietcong forces in the 1960s. The tactics used by the Vietcong and US military forces were very different and changed during the course of the war. At the beginning of the war the Vietcong (NLF) army was aggressive whilst the US army was defensive. The Gulf of Tonkin incident became America's excuse to become aggressive towards the Vietcong.In 1965 General W. Westmoreland developed the strategy of "search and destroy". Its objective was to find and kill any members of the NLF. US soldiers found this difficult however as the Vietcong always dressed in civilian clothing, and killing peasants by mistake was not uncommon; "if he's dead and Vietnamese, he's a V.C." was the view of the troops carrying out the search and destroy missions.It was clear from the outset of war that the US had far more technologically advanced weapons than the Vietcong, which they used throughout the conflict. B-52 bombers altogether dropped 8,000,000 tons of bombs between 1965 and 1973which equated to 300 tons of bombs per person living in Vietnam.The alleged 1966 martyrdom of Vietcong soldier Ngu...This was over three times the amount dropped during the whole of World War Two. Aside from bombs the US also dropped a considerable amount of napalm, a mixture of petrol, phosphorous and a chemical thickener which attaches itself to the skin causing horrific "fifth-degree" burns to the victim, which could quite often be an unlucky US soldier. Agent Orange, a complex biological weapon was dropped over a lot of the thick vegetation of Vietnam, causing all plant life to die, potentially to expose any hiding Vietcong.The US pioneered the development of anti-personnel bombs, smaller than those dropped from the B-52s, such as the "pineapple", which shot shards and needles of metal in all directions. With the many different developments of anti-personnel bombs it was the US's...

How Writing About My Hardships and Sharing My Weaknesses is Leading to My Success

How Writing About My Hardships and Sharing My Weaknesses is Leading to My Success Ive written, published, and received monetary compensation about my bipolar illness since 1995. Though risky to divulge my shortcomings, its also rewarding. My bipolar material first appeared in literary magazines. Kaleidoscope, udsakron.org/kaleidoscope.aspx, specializing in both mental and physical disability, printed The Prodigal Daughter, the first bipolar story I ever wrote. The Missouri Review, missourireview.com/, and The North American Review, http://northamericanreview.org/, picked up my fictional stories with mentally ill main characters, formulated on my personal experiences with the illness. Having Anne, published in The Missouri Review, was shortlisted for an O. Henry Prize in 2000. A big, mental health publication bp Magazine is completely devoted to discussing bipolar illness. I wrote a few humor pieces for these folks. I turned to venues on the internet. Â  In EmpowHER, empowher.com/, I wrote about my early years with bipolar illness, and how I came down with the disease, how I was first treated, how I struggled to adjust, and how my friends and family reacted. I received more positive feedback for that gig. People liked how I made my mental illness experiences funny through lite bipolar personal essays. At Author, authormagazine.org, I wrote specifically about how my bipolar illness affected my writing career. Then I blogged about bipolar illness at PsychCentral, http://psychcentral.com. Â  Since January, Ive written ten blog posts for PsychCentral. Â  Some of the posts included A Tribute to Patty Duke, Living Through a Medication Change, The Good Family Myth, Is Your Diagnosis a Deal-breaker? Â  How to Survive an Adoption Home Study, and Which is Worse, Mental or Physical Illness? Here are three other paying publications that I have personal experience with that specialize in health issues: Womans World (see masthead of actual magazine for contact information) - This weekly magazine readers can pick up in their grocery checkout line prints beautiful stories about women whove dealt with difficult health issues. Â  And they do it in a very upbeat way. Â  (I like this magazine so much that I have a yearly subscription to it.) Â  Im currently working closely with an editor there who is considering publishing a story about my experience with cancer. You Me Magazine, youandmemagazine.com - The Worlds Medical Magazine, You Me publishes nonfiction articles, preferably in first person, about dealing with all medical issues. Â  You Me published a story of mine about lithium usage and pregnancy. Pentimento, pentimentomag.org/ - This Journal of All Things Disability lists itself as a disability-themed literary magazine. Â  They accept poetry, fiction, nonfiction and art and photography. Â  This is a great little journal. Â  Ive been trying to break into it for years. Â  Thats another story. Through writing about my hardships and sharing my weaknesses, Im thoroughly enjoying myself, and I know from the feedback Ive received that Im aiding others. In being sincere about your trials and tribulations, you can find acceptances for your material because editors discern that youve been there, and you know what youre talking about. Â  In a way, youre an expert on misery. Â  Then theres always write what you know. In reality, my life is problematic and often tough, but its also filled with joy because suffering ultimately brings empathy for people, and thats what its all about. So if life has dealt you a difficult hand, consider creating articles, short stories, blog posts, essays, about your experiences. This is not a new concept. We all know that all good writing addresses human problems. Now, go make some lemonade.

Frida Film Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Frida Film Report - Essay Example Kahlo is bedridden most of her time but manages to do many paintings in spite of the pain she suffers. Although she is bedridden, she does not let the physical injuries and pain weigh her down. Her pain is more when she gets married to Rivera, who gets involved with other women despite her plea to him to b faithful. The movie affected me in various ways as Kahlo faced many challenges in life including severe pain from the accident. One of the issues in the poem that relates to my case is physical pain. Kahlo was affected by polio and later involved in an accident leaving her in pain. In my case, the pain is due to injuries sustained during a cycling competition with my friends when we collided with another cyclist. Sometimes the pain is severe but I always ensure that it does not interfere with my work as I can do so many things. Another issue is the psychological pain that Kahlo endures after her marriage faces challenges. My psychological pain is not related to marital troubles but disagreement with my family members who want me to take the management of our family business. The issue that stresses me is because they keep on insisting that I must participate in its management yet I am interested utilization my talents and skills as an actor. Nobody understands my argument, and they all think that I lack commitment yet I know I have dreams to achieve in life. The situation is stressing and am struggling to find ways of solving it. Just as Kahlo suffered, psychological stress due to her troublesome marriage am suffering due to the family business.

Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)+Multi-objective analysis or Essay

Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)+Multi-objective analysis or indicators - Essay Example Therefore it is a key factor contributing to project success. Nevertheless, procurement strategy selection decisions have been mostly judgmental, and hence subject to biases of the decision-maker. In this respect, the need to have a more objective and systematic selection model is self-evident. Developing a model for procurement selection is therefore of strategic importance and several leading research works have been reported (Masterman and Gameson, 84; Skitmore and Marsden, 121; Love et al., 221). This paper reports a study conducted in Hong Kong on the development of a procurement selection model based on multi-attribute utility technology (MAUT). The robustness of the model is enhanced with the use of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the importance weightings for the selection criteria. The proposed method seeks to improve the objectivity of the procurement selection process by utilizing the expertise of industrial experts to determine the utility factors. The analytical hierarchy process is used also to determine the importance weightings of the selection criteria. When construction clients face the problem of selecting a procurement method for a project, the clients’ previous experience plays an influential role. As well as the degree of subjectivity, the decision is complicated by the multitude of decision criteria and options available. The nature of the problem fits nicely with multi-attribute utility technology (Edwards, 3; Green, 1992). MAUT is a methodology that can be used as a tool for measuring objectivity in an otherwise subjective area of management (Fellows et al., 27). MAUT is considered to be appropriate as it enables the integration of both the effects of the priority rating and the utilities derived from the respective procurement options. The approach involves first assigning a rating to each of the selection criteria. The ratings are then applied to the utilities derived from a particular procurement method against

Reliability And Validity Assessment

Reliability And Validity Assessment What forms of reliability and validity do Grogan et al. (2000) establish for their patient satisfaction questionnaire (PSQ) measure? Briefly (one paragraph each) review the forms established. 1) Grogan et al.s (2000) chose an internal reliability to check for the consistency or inconsistency of their inter-subscales.   They performed Cronbachs alpha analysis to measure the correlation of each subscales on the general satisfaction subscale. The results showed a high level of correlation coefficient, which range between .74-.95, indicating that the subscales are internally reliable. Using internal reliability (Cronbachs alpha) is efficient and most widely used, however, the expression of its result could only be in terms of consistency and inconsistency. Moreover, the Cronbachs alpha allows items to be discarded from the analysis just to get a better alpha value (Vehkalnti, 2004). Furthermore, the present result showed a strong alpha value of doctor subscale (.95), therefore, it is reasonable to exclude doctor subscale from the five-factor domain, since it is very similar to the general satisfaction subscale. 2) Grogan et al. (2000) chose an internal validity way of assessment (focusing on the inference from the cause and effect of a variable on another variable). Grogan et al. used a construct validity test by using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the Pearsons product moment correlation (PPMC), and the Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA). The CFA was used to identify the approximate closeness of the 40 items to fit on the appropriate factor of the five-factor model (doctors, nurses, access, appointments, and facilities), which was suggested to embody patients satisfaction. The result showed a low value of   measure and high value of non-normed fit index (NNFI), which indicated that the items were having a good fit with the five-factor model. The PPMC test was used to look at the correlation of the subscale on the general satisfaction subscale. The result showed a positive significant correlation, which means ANOVA was used to compare the five different subgroups (patients divided ac cording to age) on the 46-items satisfaction scores. The results showed a significant difference of age group, with a greater satisfaction of older patients on the service provision, than younger patients. Construct validity is widely use because its relevant and clear measurements, but the present study did not measure a low correlation scores of items to indicate that the items were irrelevant. Moreover, construct validity is also subjective (in terms of judging the items, where the researchers believe that the items measure what they suppose to measure). Also briefly review other forms that might be established and how this might be achieved. 1) Test-retest reliability might be another good way to test for reliability of items measurements. This can be done by giving the questionnaire to the same respondents (patients) at different occasions, preferably three months after the initial test (Kline, 1993). The correlation of scores between the two tests can be compared. If the correlation coefficient is high, this means that the questionnaire (the subscale items) are reliable and consistence. This can be done by analysing the Cronbachs alpha value, which needs to be greater than .70 to be reliable but not greater than 1 (preferably not greater than .95). Moreover, test-retest should not only be carried out to the patients who had full respondent rates but also to those who had partially respondent rates (17% of the patients), just to check the presence of any specific group of patients that might think the questionnaire was not reliable to them. 2) Alternate-form of reliability can be used to assess reliability of the items, which can be done by using a different wording for each of the items (but having the same meaning) to measure the patients satisfaction based on the five-factor dimensions. According to Litwin (1995), the items created should not be identical but similar to each other, and the test should be his should be given to the same patients at different times. The correlation between their scores will show the reliability of the measurement of the questionnaire. By looking at Cronbachs alpha, high correlation of the items indicates high consistency of measurement. 3) Interobserver reliability is a method that can be used to find how well the inter-subscale is (Litwin, 1995), which measures how the five-factor domains agree with the 46-items questionnaire, by allow the professionals from each domains (such as the doctors, nurse, people who responsible for the environment factor, people responsible for the access factor, and people who are responsible to provide the facilities) to answer the questionnaire to assess their own satisfaction of the service provision. The data can be analysed by using Pearsons correlation to find out the correlation coefficient of the items and the satisfaction. High correlation indicates higher reliability of the subscale. 4) External ways of assessing the validity would be good to mentioned, in which the inter-subscale can be generalized across different patients, places and times. This can be achieved by doing a sampling model and proximal similarity model approaches, in which the questionnaire is first distributed to a sample population, then to its nearby population, and lastly to the outside population. The analysis of scores from these populations can be done by using ANOVA, and the significant correlation can be revealed. If their correlation is significant (p 5) Criterion validity is a good way of analysing the researchs validity as poor criterion tests would lead to inefficient technique of measurement. It has two major forms: predictive validity and concurrent validity. The predictive validity can be applied to find out how well the service of general practitioners could predict the patients satisfaction in the future. This can be done by asking the five domain factors (doctors, nurses, etc) and the patients to fill in the questionnaire separately. Then, the scores will be calculated by factor analysis (CFA) to see if the domain factors fit with five-factor model and by the PPMC to see the correlation on satisfaction. If the domains score fits with the model and have high correlation coefficient, this could predict that the patients score would also be similar. In contrast, concurrent validity cannot be applied because it could not be compared to the gold-standard questionnaire of patients satisfaction as it was none. 6) Content validity can be addressed in terms of finding how adequate the items are to reflect its domain. This can be examined by using CFA, in which it is to find the proximate knowledge of the items adequacy (i.e. to know which specific five-factor domain was the item belongs to). 7) Method bias to measure the present of any biased items in the questionnaire. This can be done by using logistic regression. The items are considered to be biased if they have characteristics that only allow the respondent to give a certain answers, bias to the aim of the study. REFERENCES Carmines, E. G. Richard, A. Z. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. London: Sage. Grogan, S., Conner, M., Norman, P., Porter, I. (2000). Validation of a questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction with general practitioner services. Quality in Health Care, 9, 210-215. Kane, T. M. (2001). Current concerns in validity theory. Journal of Educational Measurement, 38(4), 319-342. Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioural research. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Kline, P. (1986).   A handbook of test construction.   New York: Methuen. Kline, P. (1993). The handbook of psychological testing. New York: Routledge. Litwin, M. S. (1995). How to measure survey reliability and validity. London: Sage. Loewenthal, K. M. (2001). An introduction to psychological tests and scales. Hove: Psychology press . Rubin, H. R., Gandek, B., Rogers, W. H. (1993. Patients’ ratings of outpatient visits in different practice settings: Results from the medical outcomes study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 835-840. Vehkalahti, K. (2000) Reliability of Measurement Scales. Retrived November 18, 2009, from  http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/tilas/vk/vehkalahti/

Dukwane’s deliverance Essay

Being different is not always bad. It can as well mean to be capable of doing something others wouldn’t have done, to have a dream of becoming something that extends beyond your social environment. But it can be a complicated road to achieving this dream and you can meet different obstacles that need to be overcome. Sometimes deliverance is the answer. This is the situation presented in the short story â€Å"Dukwane’s deliverance†, written by Neil Ramsorrum, where the boy, Dukwane, looses the ability to walk while having a plan on attending Cambridge University. He has to deal with the fact that he is a black teenage, who lives in a society where most people are white and despite that he is a cripple as well. The main theme is reflected in this confrontation with difficulties, and tells never to give up on your dreams. The protagonist Dukwane is a black teenager, who lives with his father and mother in Camden. His family are not particularly wealthy, which is indicated by the fact that he works six shifts a week in a non-fancy fast-food restaurant. Another indication of this is the father’s choice of occupation, â€Å"As he looked at his father sat there, his bottom shirt button open and exposing his belly overhanging his trousers, he felt a sense of sadness, but also a determination to be more†. Dukwane wants to be more than his father, who is overweight and sits in front of the television all day. This ambition is a characteristic thing about him. Dukwane is not like other people in his social environment. He is an intelligent teenager, who is going to attend Cambridge University, which you can argue is an uncommon decision among his friends and family. Dukwane’s friend, Jermaine, questions Dukwane’s decision. â€Å"Well, they are all loaded, and white, I heard you get the cane from your teachers if you don’t do your work. And the older guys are gay and make the younger ones do weird shit†. He presents some negative prejudices about the university. He doesn’t think it is a place for him and wonders why he wants to attend. However Dukwane is determined to attend Cambridge University and later on becoming a politician just like Barak Obama, his big idol. Dukwane is furthermore a very courageous teenager who wants to do the right thing. â€Å"Dukwane gets up first, his hand raised to try and calm the gang of four, instinctively he places his body between the kid and his pursers†. He chooses to protect the child from getting caught and  ends up being stabbed himself. â€Å"You always do the right thing†, is what Jermaine said afterwards and even after the suggestion of revenge Dukwane does the right thing and refuses. But despite being different he is as well a part of the social environment. â€Å"†Melones hugos! Nice,† said Dukwane in what he imagined was a Spanish accent. â€Å"That’s all you think about.†Ã¢â‚¬  His use of colloquial language indicates that he can act as the others when the situation comes. The story is told with a third person narrator, who has a limited omniscient point of view. This means that the reader sees the events and other characters from Dukwane’s point of view. This way of telling a story involves the reader more than an â€Å"all knowing† third person narrator by giving the narrator an identity and makes it more interesting for the reader because everything becomes possible when the narrator isn’t â€Å"all knowing†. You can other than that say that the reader is involved due the knowledge of Dukwane’s thoughts and feelings. â€Å"He hears the sound after he feels it. Almost like the release of air, his body no longer in his control, falling to the pavement again. He feels the blood but cannot lift his head to see it. All he can see is the blur of neon fading†. The narrator has a limited point of view, and therefore the reader has a limited insight, which creates intensity and therefore becomes interesting. Another thing that creates this intensity is the change in tense. The scene where the quotation is chosen from is in the present tense, whereas the rest of the story is in the present tense. The author’s choice of using this tense combined with short sentences separated by commas and mimicking sudden motion creates a vivid setting, where the reader is involved. This leads to the setting of the short story. Dukwane lives as said in a less wealthy environment just outside London and there are different indications that tell about this environment. The social setting is mostly conveyed through the use of social- and class markers and the colloquial language, which Dukwane and his friends use. First of all there is the non-fancy restaurant, where the customers aren’t taken that serious. â€Å"†Pretty much. Except when I’m thinking about ass. You should try it.  £2.99, boss†Ã¢â‚¬ , here Jermaine is addressing Dukwane, but in the last  sentence he addresses a costumer. Usually the focus is at the costumer when you are at work in order to show your manners. His action and language indicates that they are a part of the lower social class, where manners aren’t very important. Another class marker is the hospital Dukwane is in. â€Å"Dukwane turned on the TV console above his bed.  £3.50 per day to watch the BBC† You don’t usually pay money for watching TV at a hospital, and it is totally absurd in comparison to the Danish hospitals, so the hospital isn’t fancy. Furthermore you can say that the environment is multicultural. â€Å"You know the Bengalis my cousin Frank hangs out with?† The fact that the protagonist himself is black, and that there are people from Bangladesh indicates that the area is multicultural. An interesting thing about the setting is that it also reflects Dukwane’s mood and the atmosphere. â€Å"As he stepped out onto Yorks Way, the sun was setting over Kings Cross in the distance, a crimson candyfloss sky broken by a dozen cranes all busy building his city.† He is happy that he got into Cambridge and the beautiful sunset and candyfloss sky create an atmosphere and reflect his mood. Moreover there is a contrast between he metallic machines and the fluffy candyfloss sky, which distinguish between the magical unrealistic sky and the rough capability and power of the cranes. The setting shows the distinction between what Dukwane already has and what he searches for, from the less wealthy environment to the large city of London. The theme of the short story is that you shouldn’t give up your dream despite the obstacles that can occur on your way to achieving it. â€Å"You are going to do what you always wanted to do. Do you hear†, â€Å"By your wits and sheer persistence. This is what makes us rise above other men, it is how we face adversity; how we challenge those who hold us back, how we make real our dream†. This is what the imaginary Barack Obama said to Dukwane, when he was given morphine to ease his pain. This quotation reflects the main theme of the story with precision. The short story â€Å"Dukwane’s deliverance† is about a bright black teenage boy, who is admitted to Cambridge University but unfortunately becomes paralyzed in his legs. He wants to be more than his father; he wants to break the social heritage in a multicultural area where people aren’t particularly wealthy, which is reflected in the social setting and the colloquial language. The setting shows as well this distinction between the two environments and what Dukwane has and wants to achieve. Nothing will stop him from achieving his dream neither as a poor black man nor a cripple.